Definition

Illustration

 

Section 1: Earthquakes

 

1

earthquake

Figure 12

2

fault

Figure 14

3

normal fault

Figure 26

4

reverse fault

Figure 34

5

seismic waves

Figure 37

6

strike-slip fault

Figure 41

 

 

 

 

Section 2: Plate Tectonics

 

7

asthenosphere

Figure 2

8

continental crust

Figure 7

9

continental drift

Figure 8

10

convection

Figure 9

11

core

Figure 10

12

fossil

Figure 16

13

geologist

Figure 17

14

lithosphere

Figure 20

15

mantle

Figure 23

16

mid-ocean ridge

Figure 25

17

pangaea

Figure 30

18

plate tectonics

Figure 32

19

trench

Figure 43

 

 

 

 

Section 3: Volcanoes

 

20

eAea

Figure 1

21

batholith

Figure 3

22

cinder cone

 Figure 4

23

composite volcano

Figure 5

24

lava

Figure 19

25

magma

Figure 21

26

pahoehoe

Figure 29

27

ring of fire

Figure 36

28

shield volcano

Figure 39

 

 

 

 

Undefined Terms

 

 

conduction

Figure 6

 

deformation

Figure 11

 

epicenter

Figure 13

 

focus

Figure 15

 

hot spot

Figure 18

 

magnitude

Figure 22

 

meteorologist

Figure 24

 

oceanic crust

Figure 27

 

oceanographer

Figure 28

 

plate

Figure 31

 

radiation

Figure 33

 

rift valley

Figure 35

 

seismograph

Figure 38

 

SONAR

Figure 40

 

subduction

Figure 42

 

tsunami

Figure 44

 


Section 1: Earthquakes

 

            An earthquake is a sudden movement of the earthfs surface.

Figure 12: Earthquake (epicenters)

Figure 14: Fault (San Andreas)

·        Normal Fault

A normal fault is when a block of rock lies above the fault and another block of rock lies below the fault.

Figure 26: Normal Fault

Figure 34: Reverse Fault

 

Schematic illustration of normal and reverse faults. Note that the view is a cross-section through the Earth, such that the up-direction on the page is away from the centre of the Earth.

 

·        Reverse Fault

A reverse fault is when a hanging wall slides up past the foot wall.

·         Seismic Waves

A traveling vibration released by earthquakes.

Figure 37: Seismic Waves, Body & Surface

·        Strike-Slip Fault

A strike slip fault is when rocks on either side of the fault slide past each other sideways, with little up or down motion.

Figure 41: Strike-slip Fault

USGS image


Section 2: Plate Tectonics

·       Asthenosphere

Asthenosphere is the layer of the earth below the lithosphere.

·        Continental Crust

 

The continental crust is the first layer of the earth(from the top) and is the layer that we walk on.

·        Continental Drift

The hypothesis of Alfred Wegener that the continents moved across the earthfs surface.

·        Convection

Heat transferred by the movement of heated fluid.

 

·        Core

This layer is a dense ball of solid metal and it's found inside of the outer core and is the last layer of the earth(center).

Figure 10: Core

·        Fossil

A trace of an organism that has been preserved in a rock for millions of years.

Figure 16: Fossil

 

·        Geologist

A geologist is a scientist that studies rock, fossils, and solids.

 

Figure 17: Alfred Wegener

 

·        Lithosphere

Lithosphere is the most upper part of the mantle.

 

·        Mantle

The mantle is the layer below the crust of the earthfs surface and is made of hard rock; it is divided into 2 different layers, upper mantle and lower mantle.

·        Mid-Ocean Ridge

Molten materials rises from the mantle then spreads out, pushing and spreading the older rock to either side of the ridge under the ocean.

·        Pangaea

The name of single land mass that has broken apart over 2 hundred million years ago.

Figure 30:  Pangaea

·        Plate tectonics

Pieces of earthfs lithosphere are in constant motion driven by convection currents in the mantle.

Figure 32: Tectonic Plates

 

·        Trench

A trench is when the oceanic crust goes underneath the continental crust and subduction occurs.

Figure 43: Trench



Section 3: Volcanoes

·         eAea
Slow moving lava that is cooler than pahoehoe.

Figure 1: Aa

·        Batholith

A large mass of rock when lava cools inside earthfs crust.

·        Cinder Cone

A cinder cone is a steep coned shaped hill or mountain made up volcanic ash and bombs piled up around a volcano opening.

 

Figure 4:  Example of Cinder Cone (Mt. Fuji)

 

·        Composite Volcano

A tall cone shaped mountain in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash and volcanic materials.

 

Figure 5: Composite Volcano (Mount Ranier)

 

·        Lava,

Lava is when magma comes and reaches the earth's surface through a volcanic vent.

Figure 19: Lava



·        Magma

Magma is the pocket beneath the volcano where magna collects.

 

 

 

·        Pahoehoe

Pahoehoe is fast moving lava and is hotter than eafa.

Figure 29: Pahoehoe

·        Ring of Fire

A major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean.

Figure 36: Ring of Fire

·        Shield Volcano

A wide gentle sloping mountain made of layers of lava and itfs from quiet eruptions.

 

Figure 39: Shield Volcano (Mauna Kea)